Holocaust Timeline
Jan 30, 1933: | Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany |
Mar 20, 1933: | SS opens the Dachau concentration camp outside of Munich |
Apr 1, 1933: | Boycott of Jewish-owned shops and businesses in Germany |
Apr 7, 1933: | Law for the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service |
Jul 14, 1933: | Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases |
Sept 15, 1935: | Nuremberg Race Laws |
Mar 16, 1935: | Germany introduces military conscription |
Mar 7, 1936: | German troops march unopposed into the Rhineland |
Aug 1, 1936: | Summer Olympics begin in Berlin |
Mar 11, 1936 - Mar 13, 1936: | Germany incorporates Austria in the Anschluss (Union) |
Nov 9, 1938 - | Kristallnacht (nationwide program in Germany) |
May 13, 1938: | The St. Louis sails from Hamburg, Germany |
Sept 29, 1938: | Munich Agreement |
Aug 23, 1939: | Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Agreement |
Sept 1, 1939: | Germany invades Poland, starting World War II in Europe |
Sept 17, 1939: | The Soviet Union occupies Poland from the east |
Oct 8, 1939: | Germans establish a ghetto in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland |
Apr 9, 1940: | Germany invades Denmark and Norway |
May 10, 1940: | Germany attacks Western Europe |
Jul 10, 1940: | Battle of Britain begins |
Apr 6, 1941: | Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece |
Jun 22, 1941: | Germany invades the Soviet Union |
Jul 6, 1941: | Mobile killing units shoot nearly 3,000 Jews at the Seventh Fort in Kovno |
Aug 3, 1941: | Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen of Muenster denounces the “euthanasia” program in a public sermon |
Sept 28, 1941 - Sept 29, 1941: | Mobile killing units shoot about 34,000 Jews at Babi Yar, outside Kiev |
Nov 7, 1941: | Mobile killing units round up 13,000 Jews from the Minsk ghetto and kill them in nearby Tuchinki |
Nov 30, 1941: | Mobile killing units shoot 10,000 Jews from the Riga ghetto in the Rumbula Forest |
Dec 6, 1941: | Soviet winter counteroffensive launched |
Dec 7, 1941: | Japan bombs Pearl Harbor |
Dec 8, 1941: | US declares war on Japan |
Dec , 1941: | The first killing operations begin at Chelmno |
Dec 11, 1941: | Nazi Germany declares war on the United States |
Jan 16, 1942: | Germans begin mass deportation of more than 65,000 Jews from Lodz to Chelmno |
Jan 20, 1942: | Wannsee Conference held near Berlin, Germany |
Mar 27, 1942: | Germans begin mass deportation of more than 65,000 Jews from Drancy, primarily to Auschwitz |
Jun 28, 1942: | Germany launches a new offensive towards the city of Stalingrad |
Jul 15, 1942: | Germans begin mass deportation of nearly 100,000 Jews from the occupied Netherlands primarily to Auschwitz |
Jul 22, 1942: | Germans begin mass deportation of over 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto to Treblinka |
Sept 12, 1942: | Germans complete the mass deportation of about 265,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka |
Nov 23, 1942: | Soviet troops counter attack at Stalingrad, trapping the German Sixth Army in the city |
Apr 19, 1943: | Warsaw ghetto uprising begins |
Jul 5, 1943: | Battle of Kursk |
Oct 1, 1943: | Rescue of Jews in Denmark |
Nov 6, 1943: | Soviet troops liberate Kiev |
Mar 19, 1944: | Germans forces occupy Hungary |
May 15, 1944: | Germans begin mass deportation of about 440,000 Jews from Hungary |
Jun 6, 1944: | D-Day: Allied forces invade Normandy, France |
Jul 22, 1944: | The Soviets launch an offensive in eastern Belarus |
Jul 25, 1944: | Anglo-American forces break out of Normandy |
Aug 1, 1944: | Warsaw Polish uprising begins |
Aug 15, 1944: | Allied forces land in southern France |
Aug 25, 1944: | Liberation of Paris |
Dec 16, 1944: | Battle of the Bulge |
Jan 12, 1945: | Soviet winter offensive |
Jan 18, 1945: | Death march of nearly 60,000 prisoners from Auschwitz |
Jan 25, 1945: | Death march of nearly 50,000 prisoners from Stutthof |
Jan 27, 1945: | Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz |
Mar 7, 1945: | U.S. troops cross the Rhine River at Remagen |
Apr 16, 1945: | The Soviets encircle Berlin in their final offensive |
April 29, 1945: | American forces liberate the Dachau concentration camp |
Apr 30, 1945: | Adolf Hitler commits suicide |
May 7, 1945: | Germany surrenders to the western Allies |
May 9, 1945: | Germany surrenders to the Soviets |
Survivor Quotes
“There is a place on earth that is a vast desolate wilderness, a place populated by shadows of the dead in their multitudes, a place where the living are dead, where only death, hate and pain exist.”
– Giuliana Tedeschi, Holocaust survivor
“I live some of the horrors of 65 years ago everyday.”
– Paul Arato, Hungarian Holocaust survivor (courtesy of Matthew Rozell/WWII Living History Project)
“Silence helps the oppressors.”
– Leslie Meisels, Hungarian Holocaust survivor (courtesy of Matthew Rozell/WWII Living History Project)
“How could we [the world] have stood by and let that happen to them? We owe them.”
– Carrol Walsh, 743rd Tank Battalion, Liberator (courtesy of Matthew Rozell/WWII Living History Project)
“For me the Holocaust was not only a Jewish tragedy, but also a human tragedy. After the war, when I saw that the Jews were talking only about the tragedy of six million Jews, I sent letters to Jewish organizations asking them to talk also about the millions of others who were persecuted with us together – many of them only because they helped Jews.”
– Simon Wiesenthal, Holocaust survivor
“The Nazis victimized some people for what they did, some for what they refused to do, some for what they were, and some for the fact that they were.”
– John Conway, Holocaust survivor
“… in spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can’t build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery, and death. I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquillity will return again.”
– Anne Frank
“Love gives us wings to soar above it all.”
- Sara Atzmon, Hungarian Holocaust survivor (courtesy of Matthew Rozell/WWII Living History Project)
“After a few days some people could not take it anymore, and they fell down in the road. If they could not get up, they were shot where they lay. After work we had to carry the bodies back. If 1,000 went out to work, a 1,000 had to come back.”
– Solomon Radasky, Holocaust survivor
“This is the biggest cemetery for Jews, Poles, Roma and Sinti. It must tell us that we have to come back here again and again. We must keep the memory of the worst crime in human history alive for those who were born later.”
- Horst Koehler, Germany President
“The Holocaust is not only a tragedy of the Jewish people, it is a failure of humanity as a whole.”
- Moshe Katsav, Israeli President
“It’s here, where absolute evil was perpetrated, that the will must resurface for a fraternal world, a world based on respect of man and his dignity.”
- Simone Veil, Auschwitz survivor and former French Health Minister
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Location: | Oświęcim, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany |
Original use: | Army barracks |
Operational: | May 1940 – January 1945 |
Operated by: | German Schutzstaffel (SS); the NKVD (after WWII) |
Commandants: | SS Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höess |
SS Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebenschel |
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SS Sturmbannführer Friedrich Hartjenstein |
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SS Hauptsturmführer Josef Kremer |
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SS Sturmbannführer Richard Baer |
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Estimated deaths: | 1,100,000; mainly Jews, Poles, Roma and Soviet |
Liberated: | January 27, 1945 by Soviet troops |
Auschwitz-Birkenau photos
Belzec
Location: | Occupied Poland, 47 miles north of the major city of Lvov |
Original use: | Constructed by Germans in 1941 in connection with Aktion |
Operational: | October 1941 – June 1943 |
Operated by: | German Schutzstaffel (SS) |
Commandants: | SS Sturmbannführer Christian Wirth |
SS Obersturmführer Gottlieb Hering |
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SS Unterscharführer Josef Oberhauser |
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Estimated deaths: | 600,000 Jews, Gypsies, Poles and Roma |
Liberated: | Closed by Nazis in 1943 and converted to a farm to disguise the site and prevent locals from digging up human remains |









